Every culture with a written alphabet developed a letter→number system. The additive isopsephies (Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, Coptic, Cyrillic) share one structure — units 1–9, tens 10–90, hundreds 100–900/1000 — because all descend from the Phoenician/Greek scheme. India is different: the katapayadi is positional (right-to-left) and the Āryabhaṭa is consonant×vowel-power. Pre-1500 systems only; post-1500 constructions are flagged.

22-letter gematria, א=1 … ת=400. Mispar Hechrachi (default): final letters count as their regular value — required for Gen 1:1 = 2701 = 37×73. Mispar Gadol: finals = 500–900. Mispar Katan Mispari = the digital-root reduction (below, "Aiq Bekar").

Each of the 22 letters reduces (sum of digits) to 1–9. Groups 1–4 gather three letters each (units / tens / hundreds 100–400); groups 5–9 gather two (the hundreds stop at 400 — ancient Hebrew has only 22 letters, no medieval 500–900 finals). This digital root is the bridge to the kamea: without it there is no sigil (§15b.3). Terminology note: this reduction is Mispar Katan Mispari; "Aiq Bekar" properly names a 10× letter-substitution cipher, not this reduction.